Quicksilver porosimetry

Quicksilver porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material's porous nature, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulkand absolute densities.
The technique involves the intrusion of a non-wetting liquid (often mercury) at high pressure into a material through the use of a porosimeter. The pore size can be determined based on the external pressure needed to force the liquid into a pore against the opposing force of the liquid's surface tension.

Semiconductor

A semiconductor polymer

A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity due to electron flow intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductor materials are the foundation of modern electronics.
Common semiconducting materials are crystalline solids, but amorphous and liquid semiconductors are known. The electronic properties and the conductivity of a semiconductor can be changed in a controlled manner by adding very small quantities of other elements, called “dopants”, to the intrinsic material. But temperature also can cause rapid variation of conductivity.

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Hydrate

Cobalt Chloride before and after hydration

Hydrate is a term used in inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains water. The chemical state of the water varies widely between hydrates.
Mineral hydrates are inorganic salts containing water molecules combined in a definite ratio as an integral part of the crystal that are either bound to a metal center or that have crystallized with the metal complex.
A colorful example is cobalt chloride, which turns from blue to magenta upon hydration, and can therefore be used as a water indicator.

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